Every fall, families in Mexico and beyond gather to honor the lives of their ancestors in a tradition rooted in ancient beliefs. This is Día de los Muertos, also known as the Day of the Dead. It’s a celebration with origins that stretch back thousands of years to the time of the Aztecs and the sacred journey to Chicunamictlán, the Land of the Dead.
In this article, we’ll explore the origin, history, and traditions of the Day of the Dead, from its Mesoamerican roots to its modern-day celebrations.
Thousands of years before the Spanish Conquest, various Nahua peoples—including the Olmec, Maya, Toltec, Aztec, Huastec, and Mixtec—lived in what is now Mexico and honored the lives of the dead with month-long rituals.
According to Nahua belief, after death, a person’s soul embarked on a journey to Chicunamictlán, the Land of the Dead. From there, they had to pass nine challenging levels (a journey that took several years) before arriving at Mictlán, their final resting place. During this time, family members would offer food, water, pottery, personal items, and tools to help their deceased family members along their path.
For these ancient cultures, death was not an end but a continuation of life. It was a natural phase in the cycle of existence, not something to be feared. This inspired the modern Day of the Dead practice in which celebrants place food and other offerings on loved ones’ graves.
In the 16th century, Spanish colonizers introduced and imposed Catholic beliefs and traditions on the indigenous peoples. Traditions similar to the celebrations of the dead were the Christian holidays of All Saints’ Day and All Souls’ Day, which fell on November 1st and 2nd. Over time, Día de los Muertos merged with Catholic traditions, shifting from a months-long celebration in August to November 1st and 2nd.
Despite centuries of suppression and oppression, the resilient indigenous traditions in Mexico adapted and endured.
In the modern-day celebration of Día de los Muertos, people across Mexico and beyond honor their deceased loved ones with joy rather than sorrow, much like in the ancient rituals of the Nahua. November 1st is dedicated to children, while November 2nd is dedicated to adults. Let’s look at how families prepare:
The people of the Aztec Empire worshiped the goddess Mictecacihuatl, the Lady of the Dead, who was a central figure in the celebrations and believed to watch over the bones of the deceased. Although unrelated, her symbolism in the festival is echoed in La Calavera Catrina, a popular modern figure that emerged in the early 20th century and has since become an iconic symbol of the celebration.
Día de los Muertos is filled with pride, love, and deep reverence for the past. It’s a joyful celebration of life and memory. As the holiday has spread, it has both shaped and been shaped by other cultures.
For example, while some have adopted the American practice of trick-or-treating on Halloween (“mi calaverita”), the holiday remains dedicated to honoring the dead. Its vibrant traditions have inspired new ways of remembering the departed in places as far as Europe and Asia.
Although unique in its traditions, Día de los Muertos shares similarities with other cultures that independently evolved similar ways of honoring the dead. For example, Japan’s Obon festival and Cambodia’s Pchum Ben reflect a universal desire to honor and celebrate the deceased. Despite evolving separately, these celebrations demonstrate our shared desire to remember, respect, and maintain the continuity of life: a testament to our common humanity.
Curious about the origins and traditions behind Día de los Muertos? Here are answers to some of the most commonly asked questions about this vibrant and meaningful celebration.
For history buffs with a passion for cultural traditions like Día de los Muertos, pursuing an online Master of Arts in History at The University of Texas Permian Basin can provide a deep dive into the historical contexts that shape our world today. This program equips you with the knowledge and tools to teach the next generation about the significance of historic holidays and ensures that the rich traditions of the past are preserved, honored, and appreciated for years to come.
Our MA in history is available 100% online, where you’ll learn broadly applicable skills like critical thinking, leadership, analysis, and communication that allow you to work in diverse roles, such as:
If you’re committed to preserving history and guiding the next generation, take the next step and apply today.
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Modern challenges like AI and global weather crises can stir up fear and controversy. But that’s for the scientists to sort out, right? Not exactly. The humanities play a powerful, often overlooked role in technology and science. Trends in these fields can create ethical, moral, environmental, and philosophical dilemmas. The humanities equip us to navigate…
At the iron gates of Auschwitz-Birkenau, one of the most infamous extermination camps of Nazi Germany, the chilling phrase “Arbeit macht frei” (“Work sets you free”) still casts a haunting shadow. These deceptive words led into one of history’s darkest chapters. Beyond that gate, more than a million lives were brutally ended. Auschwitz-Birkenau was just…
Are you fascinated by vampires, haunted houses, or the macabre? If you nodded at any of those horror tropes, chances are you’ve encountered (or at least heard of) Gothic literature. From the timeless terror of “Frankenstein” to modern-day Gothic thrills like “The Haunting of Hill House,” Gothic literature draws us into the creepy underbelly of…
What is it about horror stories that’s so captivating? More than any other literary genre, horror has the power to leap off the page, sending shivers down our spines and turning shadows into lurking dangers. It brings us to the darkest corners of our minds, where our deepest fears live.
Journey with us beyond the sparkling vampires, scarred wizards, and eternal faeries of modern horror fiction and dive into the chilling narratives that birthed an entire genre. This is your guide to the history of horror literature.
The horror genre is best defined by the emotions it seeks to evoke: shock, disgust, and above all else, fear. While it often shares supernatural and fantastical elements with other genres—such as ghosts, witches, vampires, or werewolves—horror wields these elements with the singular purpose of eliciting feelings of dread and suspense.
If you’re reading a passage that makes you feel as if the terrifying events depicted on the page could happen to you, chances are you’re reading a piece of finely crafted horror fiction.
Horror stories have always captivated the imagination. Take, for instance, the “Epic of Gilgamesh,” a Mesopotamian odyssey that dates to 2100 B.C. and weaves supernatural elements into its narrative. But the horror genre as we know it began to take shape with the publication of Horace Walpole’s 1764 novel, “The Castle of Otranto.”
A work of gothic fiction, “The Castle of Otranto” follows the royal family of Sicily as they attempt (and fail) to divert an ancient prophecy, mixing supernatural elements and realistic characters to create a fantasy grounded in reality.
Just as a werewolf is transformed by the light of a full moon, the horror genre has undergone its own metamorphosis over the centuries. Early works featured many of the dark tropes we’re familiar with today: villainous men and supernatural beings set against grim, oppressive backdrops. However, the 1818 publication of “Frankenstein” marked a pivotal shift in the genre.
With “Frankenstein,” Mary Shelley introduced a new element to horror: the terror of pseudoscience. Her novel features a grotesque creature—intelligent yet monstrous, brought to life by science—who seeks revenge against its creator. (Can you believe Shelley was only 19 when she penned the novel?)
This chilling narrative captivated readers and inspired a generation of writers, including Edgar Allan Poe. Poe further refined and popularized the genre. His short stories, such as 1839’s “The Fall of the House of Usher,” infused the horror genre with his unique blend of macabre and psychological terror. The visionary works of Shelley and Poe defined horror literature, setting the stage for centuries of thrilling storytelling.
The subsequent decades produced numerous seminal works that have stood the test of time:
The horror genre boomed in the 20th century, giving rise to new subgenres like paranormal, occult, dark fantasy, survival, and science fiction horror. The genre began to feature contemporary trappings, such as serial killers and slasher stories, presenting a dark reflection of modern society.
Standing on the shoulders of literary giants, modern horror authors continue to terrify readers. H.P Lovecraft, for instance, merged elements of science fiction and horror to give us “The Call of Cthulhu” and “At the Mountains of Madness.” His stories invite readers to peer beyond the veil of reality, where horrors are ancient and alien. Stephen King, a master of modern horror, can twist the ordinary and mundane into the terrifying, as anyone who’s read “The Shining” or “Pet Sematary” knows.
We also celebrate contemporary voices like Stephen Graham Jones, Jonathan Maberry, and Silvia Moreno-Garcia who continue to bring us fresh horror literature. These writers ensure that the horror genre not only remains relevant but also evolves and captivates new generations of readers.
We hope you’ve enjoyed this look back at the origins of horror literature. Unfortunately, we couldn’t cover every influential author and spine-chilling story deserving of your attention, but that doesn’t mean the story has to end here.
If you want to delve deeper into the world of literature and explore the tremendous impact words have on the world, consider expanding your understanding through academic study. The University of Texas Permian Basin offers two outstanding online programs designed for literature enthusiasts:
An English degree could be your gateway to a fulfilling career in which you teach, edit, or even author your own work. Alternatively, you could venture into fields like advertising, public relations, or law, where mastery of the English language is vital.
Our English programs are entirely online, meaning you can seamlessly switch from enjoying your favorite horror story—we’re fans of “House of Leaves” by Mark Z. Danielewski—to studying British and American Literature.
Ready to apply? Click here to start on a journey that ends with you earning your degree from UT Permian Basin.
Sources:
https://www.nypl.org/blog/2018/10/18/brief-history-gothic-horror
https://www.britannica.com/art/horror-story
https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-horror-fiction
“Any form of art is a form of power; it has impact, it can affect change – it can not only move us, it makes us move.” — Ossie Davis, actor and activist
October is Art and Humanities Month in the United States, a celebration that provides the perfect opportunity to consider how art helps shape society. Our societal norms and values have an inextricable link to the arts, and here we’ll discuss some fascinating aspects of that connection.
Modern political systems, including the US federal government, drew their structure from ancient civilizations. The Greeks conceived a democratic system with a written constitution, while the Romans formed a republic with a senate. These systems helped shape American society largely because they were preserved in the literature, frescoes, architecture, and sculptures these cultures produced.
The grim reality of the Spanish Civil War was brought to light for much of the world through Pablo Picasso’s painting “Guernica,” which depicts an incident that might never have been known outside of Spain and could have been largely forgotten by history. Now, it’s immortalized on canvas.
The masterwork depicts an attack ordered by Francisco Franco on a small town called Guernica, which was a historical symbol of democracy for Spain. With help from Germany, Franco bombed the town, killing hundreds of people, including many women and children. The painting was sent on tour and was used to raise money in support of refugees who left Spain during its civil war.
Why are central figures from Christianity often depicted in clothing and settings from the Middle Ages? Gerard David’s 16th-century painting “Virgin and Child with Four Angels” is an example of a work in which the artist painted ancient subjects with a more modern look. Period images of these religious figures were scarce, and painting them in more familiar medieval contexts made them more relatable to people of the 16th century, thereby reinforcing their faith.
What is normal, decent, and acceptable? This varies with time and geography, but changes to societal norms are often spurred by works of art. For eons, art was used primarily to depict the familiar: people, objects, settings, and scenarios that were recognizable and situated in the known world. Then abstract art appeared on the scene.
Abstractionism received its share of resistance from art critics and the public. It represented a radical, shocking shift away from traditional art style and subjects, which tended to focus on religion or history. But it also opened our minds, changing our perceptions of what could be deemed art.
Art is a form of commentary with the power to draw attention to serious social issues, spark sympathy and outrage, and change attitudes in a way that’s necessary to bring about social change. At the very least, it can start some important discussions. While we may think of social activism as a recent phenomenon, political cartoons created during the French Revolution are but a few historical examples of art that calls for change.
Moreover, art calling attention to social concerns sometimes came from unexpected sources. Even Norman Rockwell, most closely associated with Americana images of baseball games and barbershops, took on serious social issues with his painting “Golden Rule.”
Explore all forms of art from ancient to modern in The University of Texas Permian Basin’s online Bachelor of Arts in Humanities—available online exclusively at this UT System institution. Our program provides an enriching, comprehensive, multidisciplinary exploration of cultural expression not only in the arts, but also in communication, history, languages, and across the spectrum of the humanities.
This curriculum, combined with a variety of general education courses, helps you develop broadly applicable skills highly valued by employers today. See the internationally known companies and organizations where some graduates of this UTPB program are working now.
We offer our BA in humanities program in a 100% online, asynchronous format that enables you to meet your professional and personal obligations while earning an essential and adaptable degree. Complete coursework from just about any location on the planet. No campus visits are required.
Get more information about our online BA in humanities program and apply now.
Sources:
https://www.americansforthearts.org/events/national-arts-and-humanities-month
https://thedailyguardian.com/the-impact-of-art-on-society-role-of-art-in-shaping-culture-challenging-societal-norms-and-sparking-social-change/
https://www.montenagler.com/art-affect-culture-society/
https://artificialpaintings.com/blog/2024/07/10/the-influence-of-abstract-art-on-public-opinion-2/
https://www.britannica.com/art/abstract-art
https://artsproutsart.com/creating-art-for-social-change-how-art-can-inspire-activism/
As store aisles fill with skeletons, ghouls, and endless bags of candy, children begin the great debate over whether to be witches or firefighters for Halloween. Meanwhile, adults across the country start adding gargantuan bags of candy to their normal grocery lists in preparation for trick-or-treaters.
This raises the question: Has trick-or-treating always been a part of Halloween? And what were the origins of this spooktacular holiday?
Grab your favorite fun-sized candy bar as we dive into the history of Halloween.
Halloween’s roots trace back thousands of years to the Celtic pagan festival of Samhain (pronounced “sow-win”). Celebrated on November 1st, Samhain marked the end of the harvest season and the start of winter: a harsh, biting season often associated with death. The Celts believed that on October 31st, the last night of their calendar year, the veil between the living and the dead was thinnest.
To celebrate, they lit fires and left offerings for the spirits. Some Celts dressed up as animals to avoid being kidnapped by spirits or faeries and taken to the other plane. Druids, respected community leaders, would use this night to tell the fortunes of the community for the upcoming winter months.
In the early 600s, the Catholic church designated November 1st as All Saints’ Day to commemorate the saints of the church. November 2nd became All Souls’ Day, a day to pray for deceased loved ones. All Saints’ Day was also known as All Hallows, and the day before it (October 31st) was aptly named All Hallows Eve.
As Christianity spread into Celtic regions, the holiday began to blend with the traditional customs of Samhain. Eventually, parts of all three holidays would blend into what we now know as Halloween, but it would still be over a thousand years before trick-or-treating and other modern-day Halloween traditions emerged.
Around the 8th century, the earliest analog to trick-or-treating may have begun in Ireland and England during All Saints’ Day and All Souls’ Day celebrations. On those days, underprivileged individuals would visit wealthy families, offering prayers for the souls of the family’s dead relatives in exchange for pastries called “soul cakes.” Eventually, children took up this activity, going door to door and asking for gifts like food and money.
Early settlers brought their spin on Halloween traditions to Colonial America, but not everyone reveled in the celebrations. Because of the strict religious beliefs held throughout many of the colonies, only Maryland and some of the southern colonies took part in Halloween-related festivities.
As Native Americans and diverse European immigrants shared their customs and beliefs with settlers, America slowly formed its own version of the holiday, complete with activities such as:
By the 1800s, Halloween had become known as a night for pranking and tricking unlucky bystanders, effectively putting the spook in spooky season. Teenagers would jump out from dark corners to scare their younger siblings. Children tripped innocent bystanders with hidden ropes as they walked by in the dark. In 1887, a few tricksters even put molasses on the seats of a chapel before church began.
Eventually, the media began to rebrand the holiday as something more positive for the youth of America. Unfortunately, President Truman’s idea of replacing Halloween with “Youth Honor Day” didn’t take off as he’d hoped. Thankfully, another idea had been circulating since the 1930s and was slowly gaining adoption. Since children were already banging on doors and demanding sweets from strangers, why not teach them to do so politely (and recommend adults have candy at the ready)? Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, magazine articles and television and radio programs began promoting this new Halloween activity, known as “trick-or-treating.”
Today, typical Halloween celebrations consist of mostly civilized transactions between adult neighbors and costumed children knocking on doors and sweetly holding out their cauldrons, buckets, and pillowcases for the goods.
If the history of Halloween intrigued you, why stop there? With an online Master of Arts in History, you can turn your passion for the past into a lucrative career as an educator, historian, legislator, and more.
The University of Texas Permian Basin’s 30-credit online MA in history is designed for busy people like you. Its 100% online format lets you complete coursework from anywhere, whether you’re on your lunch break or aboard a flight to your next historic travel destination.
Of course, if you want to participate in live courses, we have you covered. As an online MA in history student, you can enroll in graduate-level synchronous live-remote courses. If you’re interested, contact Department Chair Dr. Ana Martinez-Catsam for more information.
Are you ready to make history by earning an advanced degree in a subject you’re passionate about? Apply today.
Sources:
https://www.history.com/topics/holidays/samhain
https://www.history.com/topics/halloween/history-of-halloween
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/when-halloween-was-all-tricks-no-treats-180966996/
You know summer is over when you hear “autumn is coming” and “it’s brass monkey weather.” Or at least, you do if you’re British. An American might say “fall’s on its way” or “I’m freezing my tail off.” Either way, both speakers may scratch their heads over the other’s way of speaking.
The differences between British and American English have fascinated people for years. While the two dialects are easy to understand for speakers on both sides of the Atlantic, they have distinctive differences in vocabulary, spelling, grammar, and usage. Let’s take a closer look.
British English originated from Old English, called Englisċ, with the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century. It developed further with influence from Latin, Norse, and Norman French. Modern English emerged around the 16th century and brought with it a standardization of grammar and spelling.
When British settlers brought English to America in the 17th century, it began to evolve separately due to cultural and environmental changes. Later, Americans pushing westward on the frontier in the 19th century often coined new words when needed, and the 20% of settlers who spoke a language other than English also influenced its early development.
One of the most noticeable differences between British and American English is their vocabulary. While “autumn” and “fall” are used in both variants, British English speakers prefer “autumn” — from the Latin “autumnus” — while Americans favor “fall,” derived from the 16th century British expression “fall of the leaf.”
Did you know that many words we categorize as typically American were originally British? “Soccer” and “sidewalk,” for example, were once common in British English but became outdated, while remaining in use in America.
In some cases, words that are commonly used in one variant may be unfamiliar or have different meanings in the other. For example:
British English spelling was inconsistent before the invention of the printing press, as evidenced by Middle English classics like Geoffrey Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales,” published in the late 14th century.
British spelling became standardized after Samuel Johnson published “A Dictionary of the English Language” in 1775. In response, Americans created their own standard with Noah Webster’s “An American Dictionary of the English Language” in 1828. Webster aimed to simplify English spelling and reflect pronunciation more closely, likely influenced by the United States’ newfound independence from Great Britain.
While the basic rules of English grammar remain consistent across both variants, there are subtle differences. British English speakers often use the present perfect tense to describe recent actions with present relevance, while American English speakers commonly use the simple past tense.
An example would be:
Prepositions and collective nouns also often differ slightly between the two dialects. A British speaker may say “at the weekend” while an American says “on the weekend.” In British English, “the team are winning,” while in American English, “the team is winning.”
British and American speakers are easily distinguishable by their pronunciation and enunciation. The most noticeable difference is the use of the letter “r”. Many British accents, especially Received Pronunciation (RP), do not pronounce the “r” at the end of words before consonants (e.g., “car” sounds like “cah”). Most American English accents are rhotic, pronouncing all instances of “r”.
Regional accents can vary, however, and some regions of England (such as Cornwall) use rhotic pronunciation, while some U.S. dialects like the Boston accent drop the “r” sound.
Confused yet? These differences extend to vowels, as well. American English speakers tend to emphasize vowels, while British speakers use different vowel sounds and enunciate the entire word more distinctly. For instance, in British English, “bath” is pronounced with a broad “a” (like in “ah”), while in American English, it has a short, elongated “a” sound.
Idioms reflect cultural differences and historical contexts, so it’s unsurprising that British and American English differ here as well. Some idioms like “break the ice,” which originated from ships breaking through frozen waters, are used in both variants. But most idioms have evolved to incorporate local culture and experiences.
For example:
Are you fascinated by the contextual and historical differences between British and American English? Consider The University of Texas Permian Basin’s two English programs:
Both programs are taught entirely online and cover linguistic differences, literature, and cultural contexts, equipping students with a profound understanding of the English language. While our online MA in English requires a bachelor’s degree, it can lead to higher earnings and opportunities for doctoral studies or a career in law.
Graduates pursue careers in fields like:
An English degree is incredibly versatile, leading to numerous and diverse opportunities based on your interests and goals. If you’re passionate about the English language and want to explore its rich diversity, take the next step in your educational journey and apply here.
“Painting is silent poetry, and poetry painting that speaks.” This phrase, first attributed to Simonides from Plutarch’s “Moralia” and later reiterated by the Roman poet Horace in “ut pictura poesis,” holds true even today. Writers have shaped—and simultaneously been influenced by—great works of art throughout history, and sociopolitical and cultural movements started by impactful literary…
March is Women’s History Month, and we’d be remiss if we didn’t take the opportunity to shine the spotlight on some influential female authors, their written work, and their other distinctions. Here we’ll celebrate 21 names from an ever-growing field of eminent female writers, followed by an introduction to two illuminating online degree programs dedicated…
We’re back with five more feminist writers who changed history. If you didn’t catch our first list, you can find it here. History is replete with authors and poets who turned pain into prose, giving voice to the women of their time. There are so many feminist writers worth mentioning (and reading); we couldn’t possibly…
Contrary to common perceptions that a humanities degree is less practical than a STEM degree, the skills you’ll develop through a humanities education are crucial for navigating the complexities of today’s world. According to the US. Department of Labor, the most desired soft skills include oral and written communication, collaboration, critical thinking, and problem-solving. In fact, employers today report a lack of these essential soft skills in the job market.
For professionals looking to strengthen these practical and incredibly versatile skills in a competitive job market, there’s no more effective way to take advantage of the soft skills gap than earning a humanities degree. In this article, we’ll explore the impact a humanities education has on two essential life skills: critical thinking and problem-solving.
One of the primary benefits of a humanities education is the cultivation of critical thinking. For example, The University of Texas Permian Basin’s online Bachelor of Arts in Humanities takes a multidisciplinary and well-rounded approach to subjects like:
As a humanities student, you’ll learn how to analyze texts, interpret historical events, and engage with philosophical debates. Additionally, you’ll acquire the skills needed to question assumptions, consider multiple perspectives, and evaluate evidence critically. This analytic process promotes independent thought and well-reasoned arguments that can benefit you in countless career paths—and even daily interactions.
You’ll also dive deeply into cultural and social contexts, which is vital for critical thinking and understanding multiple, often controversial perspectives. For instance, in many of our literature courses, you’ll examine characters’ motivations and societal influences, enabling you to better understand the nuances and complexities of human behavior. This kind of skill makes you highly valuable in numerous professional settings.
While we often equate problem-solving skills with technical knowledge, a humanities education teaches you how to navigate and analyze causes and consequences. For example, the study of history involves analyzing past events to understand what happened and come up with solutions to contemporary issues. The ability to creatively draw connections between different fields of knowledge and apply interdisciplinary approaches is a hallmark of a humanities education. This skill is particularly relevant in a world where problems are rarely confined to a single discipline.
Philosophy courses, with their focus on logical reasoning and ethical dilemmas, further enhance your problem-solving and reasoning abilities. By engaging with complex questions and developing coherent arguments, students learn to approach problems methodically and creatively. This skill is essential for careers that require innovative thinking, leadership, and strategic planning.
As a humanities student, you’ll certainly reap the communication and analytical skills that can ease your navigation of day-to-day problems. But these versatile skills can also open doors to a wide range of careers. The ability to think critically and solve problems effectively are highly valued in fields such as:
Humanities majors are not limited to academic or cultural institutions but can also thrive in business, technology, and healthcare industries.
By fostering an understanding of cultural and social contexts, encouraging interdisciplinary approaches, and promoting versatile skill sets, a humanities education can be an invaluable asset in an increasingly complex world. In fact, LinkedIn lists some of the top workplace skills in 2024 as adaptability, communication, problem-solving, and research: all skills you’ll develop with a humanities degree.
The University of Texas Permian Basin’s online Bachelor of Arts in Humanities offers a well-rounded and comprehensive education that equips you with skills highly valuable in a competitive job market. Take it from one of our humanities graduates:
“I am confident that the valuable education I receive here from the incredible professors will serve me in my profession as an educator and law student.”
Our graduates work in diverse and reputable companies, such as:
Best of all, you can study from anywhere in the world, on your own terms: Classes are synchronous and entirely online.
Become an invaluable asset in today’s world with a humanities degree. Apply here.
Summer isn’t just about vacations and sunshine (though we appreciate those irreplaceable aspects, too). It’s also when some of the most important historical events and global milestones took place. From the birth of a nation to a cultural revolution and even a journey to the moon, these three historical events happened during the summer months and changed the world forever.
The preamble to the Declaration of Independence states, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”
When the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, the Revolutionary War was already well underway. While the document didn’t start the war, it did give voice to the colonies’ decision to break permanently with Britain. It gave a moral and political justification for independence, rallied support, and helped shape the vision of the United States as a country founded in liberty and self-government.
In the context of summer, Independence Day has inspired many cherished summer traditions. Watching fireworks at the city square, hosting family barbecues, and donning patriotic attire to celebrate the Fourth of July are all traditions that stem from this significant event.
The 1960s marked a period of revolution and social upheaval in the United States, with significant issues coming to the forefront and reaching a climax during the Summer of Love.
But what exactly was the Summer of Love?
It was a pivotal moment in the counterculture movement, representing a shift that emphasized artistic expression, the rebellion of youth, and the exploration of alternative lifestyles, psychedelic drugs, and spirituality.
The epicenter of this cultural phenomenon was the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco, California, in 1967. Approximately 100,000 young people gathered there to embrace these ideals and support causes such as:
Music was a driving force in the Summer of Love, and it served as a powerful tool to express feelings of social and cultural reform. Just two years later, the Woodstock Music and Art Fair took place in New York, a festival that continues to influence many of today’s summer music festivals.
If the Declaration of Independence marked the start of political freedom for the U.S., the Apollo 11 Moon Landing in the summer of 1969 symbolized human exploration and technological advancement. The idea was born in 1961 when President Kennedy proposed that the U.S. would perform the world’s first manned lunar landing before the decade’s end.
However, the U.S. wasn’t the only country with ambitious plans to reach the moon first; the Soviet Union also vied for the title. After eight years of effort, however, the American Apollo 11 lunar module safely landed on the moon’s surface on July 20, 1969. It was that day that Neil Armstrong became the first man to set foot on the craterous lunar surface, famously proclaiming, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”
Similar to Independence Day, the moon landing created a sense of unity and pride among United States citizens. It symbolized the ingenuity of NASA and the spirit of exploration and established the U.S. as a leader in space innovation. Today, the legacy of the moon landing lives on in summer activities like space camps, which inspire young minds, and in the countless stargazers who look to the sky during the warm summer nights, dreaming big about their future.
Curious about how summer has played a role in shaping U.S. and world history? Below are answers to some commonly asked questions about the season’s most impactful events.
From adding to your skillset as a post-secondary educator to becoming a historian who archives materials in museums and historical sites, there’s a range of careers that let you embrace your passion for history while also making a living. At The University of Texas Permian Basin, we offer a 30-credit online program tailored to working professionals interested in developing valuable historical context while advancing their careers.
In as little as two years, you can complete your Master of Arts in History 100% online. This degree not only equips you with advanced knowledge on a wide range of topics in American and world history but also provides the opportunity to pursue more advanced roles and earn a higher salary.
With year-round start dates, affordable tuition, and thesis and non-thesis program options, what’s stopping you from beginning the next chapter in your career?
Sources:
https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration
https://www.nasa.gov/history/july-20-1969-one-giant-leap-for-mankind/
https://daily.jstor.org/the-summer-of-love-wasnt-all-peace-and-hippies/
At the iron gates of Auschwitz-Birkenau, one of the most infamous extermination camps of Nazi Germany, the chilling phrase “Arbeit macht frei” (“Work sets you free”) still casts a haunting shadow. These deceptive words led into one of history’s darkest chapters. Beyond that gate, more than a million lives were brutally ended. Auschwitz-Birkenau was just…
On August 6, 1945, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb—named “Little Boy”—over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, “Fat Man” was dropped on Nagasaki. Between 110,000 and 210,000 people died, either immediately from the blasts or later from radiation exposure. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki heralded the end of World War…
Thousands of years ago, as flowers bloomed and the weather warmed, villagers in what is now Europe gathered to celebrate the vernal equinox. Communities gathered in open clearings, the air filled with the rich scent of burning herbs and fresh, damp earth. They placed eggs—symbols of renewal—on altars, and the sight of a hare darting…
Most Americans celebrate July 4th as the day the U.S. won its independence from Britain. But millions also recognize a second Independence Day, Juneteenth, which marks the day in 1865 when the last enslaved Americans in Texas finally learned they were free.
In this article, we explore the powerful history behind Juneteenth and how it has become a national symbol of delayed justice and the lasting freedom for all.
On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln freed many American slaves when he issued the Emancipation Proclamation. However, it would be nearly three years before all slaves were freed nationwide.
The Civil War raged until April 1865, delaying the full impact of emancipation, as many slaveholding states resisted Lincoln’s directive. In addition, Lincoln’s proclamation didn’t apply to certain border states and regions under Union control, a gap later closed by the 13th Amendment—Abolition of Slavery—in December 1865.
Six months before that amendment was ratified, Union troops arrived in Galveston, Texas, and freed a quarter of a million slaves on June 19th, 1865. That day became a milestone as the broader promise of emancipation was finally realized. One year later on June 19th, 1866, former enslaved Texans began commemorating the date. The celebration became known as Juneteenth: a blend of “June” and “nineteenth.”
Also called Juneteenth Independence Day or Freedom Day, the holiday has a rich history. Initially marked by church picnics and speeches, Juneteenth gained momentum as Black Texans relocated to other states and took the tradition with them, spreading its observance nationwide and even internationally. Today, typical festivities include Emancipation Proclamation readings, parades, and concerts.
Juneteenth is an enduring reminder of the struggle for equality that Black Americans and their ancestors have faced, though awareness and acknowledgement of its significance were slow to come for the nation as a whole.
It’s perhaps fitting that in 1980, Texas became the first state to make Juneteenth an official holiday. Other states followed suit beginning in the 1990s, and by 2023 it was an official holiday or observance in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Juneteenth became a federal holiday in 2021.
If you’re interested in the history of North America and its role in international events, The University of Texas Permian Basin’s online Master of Arts in History will help you master durable, highly marketable skills, and deliver a credential applicable to many careers. Our program offers an exploration of the Civil War, Reconstruction, and other key areas of our history through comprehensive 16-week courses. See the complete list here.
We offer this program in a 100% online, asynchronous format that empowers you to earn an MA in history on your own schedule from any location. You’ll find this flexibility invaluable while managing professional and personal responsibilities and finishing a master’s degree at the same time. And that’s just the beginning of our program’s benefits:
Ready to get started? Apply today.
Sources:
https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/emancipation-proclamation
https://jackmillercenter.org/emancipation-proclamation-juneteenth-holiday
https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/amendments
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/juneteenth-is-now-a-national-holiday-how-did-it-come-to-pass
https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R44865.pdf
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Modern challenges like AI and global weather crises can stir up fear and controversy. But that’s for the scientists to sort out, right? Not exactly. The humanities play a powerful, often overlooked role in technology and science. Trends in these fields can create ethical, moral, environmental, and philosophical dilemmas. The humanities equip us to navigate…
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The English language has been the foundation of countless works of art and literature throughout the ages and across the world. Often a work of literature will inspire the creation of a work in another art form, be it sculpture, painting, theater, music, film, architecture, dance, or photography—just one of the fascinating ways art and literature intersect. Let’s look at a few specific examples here and then discuss how you can learn more about both subjects.
The history of art and literature is rich with examples of works influencing one another. Some paintings have inspired books, such as Johannes Vermeer’s “Girl With a Pearl Earring.” Books are also often adapted into films, including one named for Vermeer’s famous painting and, more recently, several 2024 Oscar nominees. Many operas are based around mythology and others, such as “The Merchant of Venice,” on the works of William Shakespeare. Some of the world’s most admired sculptures and paintings are also based on mythology. Works of literature are often adapted to be performed as plays or musicals. Victor Hugo’s 19th century novel “Les Misérables” is an immensely popular example of a work that has successfully been adapted for stage and screen.
Want to explore the intersection of art and literature in greater depth? The University of Texas Permian Basin invites you to consider one of our illuminating online English degree programs.
The University of Texas Permian Basin’s online English degree programs cast a light on art and literature through dedicated courses throughout their curricula. Whether you’re an aspiring undergraduate or you’re ready to pursue graduate studies, we have an online program for you. Use either highly marketable degree below for an array of rewarding career options.
Build a Foundation in Our BA in English Program
Our online Bachelor of Arts in English delves into the intricacies of the English language and culture, encompassing a wide range of creative works from Shakespeare to Spielberg.
Take these BA courses for greater insight:
Offered as an option in our BA in English program, this course investigates the intricate connection between literature and visual arts as depicted in Victorian and modern novels. It aims to impart fresh perspectives, encouraging a shift from mere reading to active observation. Through the examination of renowned literary figures, you’ll unravel how they seamlessly intertwine literature and art, revealing that the comprehension and appreciation of one often relies on understanding the other.
This course is an exploration into critical and theoretical frameworks and terminology used to analyze films as both cultural artifacts and literary creations. In addition, the course examines significant film movements from various countries throughout the history of cinema.
Literature and Mythology (ENGL3333)
This course aims to familiarize students with the depth, intrigue, and importance of classical (Greek and Roman) mythology in the context of British, American, or comparative literature. It delves deeply into the interplay of literature with mythological references and the diverse interpretations of mythological entities across artistic media such as painting and sculpture.
Reach Higher With an MA in English
Already earned a bachelor’s degree? Our online Master of Arts in English delves deeper into the English language and culture, forging connections between aesthetic, cultural, historical, psychological, and social themes found in literature from both past and present. You’ll relate these literary themes to contemporary cultural, psychological, and sociopolitical landscapes.
Take these MA courses for greater insight:
Literature and the Visual Arts (ENGL6332)
One of the core courses in our online MA in English program and available with either a British or American focus, this course delves into the nonverbal aspects of literature, exploring how works extend beyond verbal expression to evoke art and music. It aims to uncover what verbal discourse may hide or silence by simultaneously communicating these hidden dimensions.
Literature and Mythology (ENGL6330)
This course investigates the influence of myths on the human psyche and their role in shaping cultural and sociopolitical viewpoints. Additionally, it underscores the significance of mythology in understanding literature, art, and music.
No matter which program you apply to or where you live, you can count on enjoying the online convenience that allows you to complete your studies on your own schedule. You needn’t compromise on your personal or professional responsibilities to earn a degree!
UTPB also offers some of the lowest tuition rates among accredited universities, translating to an education that’s both affordable and esteemed. These are some of the reasons U.S. News & World Report has named us among:
Choose your English degree program and apply today!
When you think of adding artwork to your walls of your home, you might envision the iconic graphics of pop art or the nature-inspired strokes of impressionist pieces. No matter the style of art you’re after, you’re sure to find something to express yourself in the deep catalog of works available to the modern masses.
However, 500 years ago, this was not the case. In the 15th and 16th centuries, only royalty and the extremely wealthy had access to art, which typically depicted — well, themselves.
So, how did we progress from exclusive portrayals of the privileged few to inclusive representations of daily life? Join us as we explore the evolution of artistic focus from the elite to the everyday man and woman.
As a commoner during this period, obtaining a piece of artwork to adorn your walls was not just a luxury but often an unattainable dream. If by some stroke of luck you could afford such a luxury, the artwork itself would likely be a portrait of a nobleman, gazing imperiously at you from the expanse of the wall.
But why was art so inaccessible to the average person?
There were two main causes: the steep cost of commissioning artwork and the scarcity of available artists to undertake such work. The high cost associated with acquiring art was impossible for most, narrowing its availability to the realm of the elite. Art quickly became a symbol of status and power, prompting well-to-do individuals to commission artists who could immortalize their likeness in portraits. These portraits were not only decorative but also served as conspicuous displays of their wealth, further elevating their social standing.
During the time of the Renaissance, from the 14th to 17th centuries, society gradually revived its interest in Greek and Roman culture. This fostered an appreciation of philosophy, science, and creativity, laying the groundwork for a transformation of artistic expression.
Thus, artists in the 1600s began to focus more heavily on the human experience and the many layers of human emotions. They began creating artwork that reflected the individuality of all people, regardless of their wealth and status.
Additionally, the numbers of the middle class grew and became more capable of buying artwork that aligned with their own experiences. These pieces often reflected the lives of ordinary people. Famed Renaissance artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder was known for painting compositions that captured the everyday lives of rural and village life, from daily routines to annual festivities.
Following the dominance of Romanticism in the 1800s, Realism emerged as a powerful and influential artistic movement, captivating both artists and art enthusiasts alike. Realism sought to portray life authentically, encapsulating its beauty as well as its brutality. And what better subjects to convey the truth of the era than the ordinary men and women engaging in everyday activities?
From “The Elder Sister,” a tender depiction of a girl gently rocking a baby to sleep against a backdrop of lush greenery, to “The Gleaners,” an evocative portrayal of three women laboring in a wheat field, Realism offered viewers a window into the lives of people from all walks of life. Gone were the days of art reserved exclusively for the elite. Instead, Realism democratized art, making it accessible to a wider audience and reflecting the diverse experiences of humanity across the globe.
As society progressed into the 20th century and beyond, art continued to evolve, reflecting the ever-changing artistic landscape of human society. Throughout the past century, numerous artistic styles have flourished, from the abstract expressionism of esteemed artists like Jackson Pollock to the surrealism of luminaries such as Salvador Dalí.
Now, whether your artistic appreciation dwells in the geometric shapes of Cubism or the subconscious symbolism that encapsulates surrealism, you can find a diverse array of art from landscape to minimalist available at the click of a button.
A degree in humanities offers far more than just an appreciation for art and an understanding of world civilizations. At The University of Texas Permian Basin, our online Bachelor of Arts in Humanities provides a comprehensive grasp of human culture, history, literature, and the arts. Additionally, it equips you with essential skills in critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication, which are invaluable for success in a wide range of industries.
As an online student, you’ll have the flexibility to complete your work on your timeline. During your lunch breaks? Great! Prefer working on the weekends? That works for us, too.
Forge a path toward a career that aligns with your passions. Start the next chapter in your life—apply today!
Sources:
https://www.open.edu/openlearn/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=17161&printable=1
https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance
https://www.oxfordartonline.com/page/1626
https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/roma/hd_roma.htm
https://www.abebooks.com/art/art-through-the-ages/
https://www.theartist.me/art-inspiration/25-most-famous-realism-paintings/
